This active storm near Batesville, Texas, produced frequent cloud-to-ground lightning.
This active storm near Batesville, Texas, produced frequent cloud-to-ground lightning. A newly established task team is tackling the challenges of making lightning data available for use in climate science applications. Credit: Marko Korosec/WMO

It starts with the gathering of clouds into a storm. In the center of the growing storm, tiny flecks of ice and supercooled water droplets collide and exchange charge, with positive charge billowing into the storm’s spreading anvil. The flow of particles creates an imbalance; the system needs to neutralize. Finally, with a zap having more power than 100,000 radio stations, all concentrated at a single point, lightning strikes.

Today, private and public services monitor lightning to track the locations of individual strokes and to generate warnings of severe storms and heavy precipitation [Nag et al., 2015]. Knowing where lightning strikes is important: Lightning causes many fatalities and injuries worldwide every year [Holle, 2015]. It also ignites forest fires, damages electrical infrastructure, and causes numerous other forms of loss and damage (see, e.g., National Lightning Safety Institute [2014] for data pertaining to the United States), and the storms that come with the lightning cause even more damage.

Lightning’s close relationship to thunderstorms and precipitation makes it a particularly useful means of observing a variable and changing climate.

But scientists are starting to recognize that lightning has a broader story to tell. Lightning frequency is changing, as climate is changing. For example, lightning’s close relationship to thunderstorms and precipitation makes it a valuable indicator for storminess, which makes lightning a particularly useful means of observing a variable and changing climate [Price, 2013; Williams, 2005].

What’s more, lightning is not only an indicator of climate change; it also affects the global climate directly. Lightning produces nitrogen oxides, which are strong greenhouse gases [Price et al., 1997].

In recent years, measurements of lightning have become more extensive, and new satellite instruments  have further enhanced measurement coverage [Albrecht et al., 2016; Goodman et al., 2013; Yang et al., 2017]. However, the monitoring of lightning for climate science and services is still limited on a global scale.

To overcome this gap and explore the opportunities and challenges of lightning observations for climate, the scientists involved with the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS)—a group that seeks to ensure that data necessary for climate studies is made available to the public— together with the Commission for Climatology (CCl) of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), established a Task Team for Lightning Observations for Climate Applications (TTLOCA) in October 2017.

Lightning: An Essential Climate Variable

To better understand how lightning affects climate change, lightning has been added to the Global Climate Observing System’s list of Essential Climate Variables.

About 45 flashes of lightning occur every second at any given time on planet Earth [Christian et al., 2003]. However, this rate can vary by as much as 10%–20% across a spectrum of timescales, from seasonal to interannual [Albrecht et al., 2016; Cecil et al., 2014; Markson, 2007; Price, 1993; Williams, 1994].

In efforts to better understand how these variabilities, as well as changing lightning frequencies, affect climate change, lightning has been added to the Global Climate Observing System’s (GCOS) list of Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) [Global Climate Observing System, 2016]. These ECVs provide the empirical evidence needed to understand and predict the evolution of climate as well as to guide mitigation and adaptation measures in support of scientists, governments, agencies, and the international climate policy in general under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Bojinski et al., 2014].

Number of lightning strokes accumulated for the years 2008–2017
Number of lightning strokes accumulated for the years 2008–2017, presented as strokes per year per square kilometer on a 0.1° × 0.1° global grid. Data are from the World Wide Lightning Location Network, and the map is an upgrade of the 0.25° × 0.25° global climatology published by Virts et al. [2013].

Goals of the Task Team

GCOS is the dedicated body of UNFCCC for coordinating global climate observations [World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 1998]. It is cosponsored by WMO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the United Nations Environment Programme, and the International Council for Science.

The role of WMO’s CCl is to “stimulate, lead, implement, assess and coordinate international technical activities to obtain and apply climate information in support of sustainable socio-economic development and environmental protection” [Commission for Climatology, 2011].

To support this mission, the new lightning task team has taken on several specific issues. The team plans to do the following:

  • explore potential climate applications for lightning observations and identify related challenges
  • review current requirements for lightning observations in the GCOS implementation plan in the light of potential climate applications
  • define data management and metadata standards that ensure that lightning data can be reprocessed in the future and ensure that changes in observation or processing techniques are fully documented
  • develop a strategy for open data access for lightning data in climate applications, including providing access to data from the private sector
  • encourage space agencies and operators of ground-based systems to provide global coverage and reprocessing of existing data sets
  • review current data storage facilities and explore the options of a global data center for lightning data for climate applications

The team’s goal of reviewing requirements for lightning observation efforts, to ensure the quality and consistency of the data, is of particular importance. Satellite agencies have adopted WMO’s observation requirements for individual ECVs and have included these requirements in their planning for current and future missions. The GCOS implementation plan includes a first attempt to set these requirements for lightning, but the task team will review these requirements.

Next Steps

We are seeking all relevant data sets to address climate questions using information about lightning.

The task team, which was established for an initial period of 1 year, consists of international experts from science and operational weather and climate services. Over the past year, we have almost completed our initial tasks, and we have prepared recommendations on the team’s goals, including an initial set of specific requirements for lightning observations from a climate perspective. We are currently finalizing these draft guidelines, which will be presented to WMO for inclusion in their international standards. The guidelines will be published by WMO and will be available soon in WMO’s online library.

We are seeking all relevant data sets to address climate questions using information about lightning. We also seek proxy lightning data sets. For instance, we started an initiative to extend lightning data into the distant past using “thunder day” data [WMO, 1953]. Identifying these and related data sets with regional or global coverage is important for the task team.

The task team has also started to address the detailed questions of who will archive these data and who should be offered access. Some of the data are naturally in the public domain, but most of the ground-based lightning network data are privately owned and copyrighted.

We encourage the community to provide comments on any of the goals listed above. These comments can be submitted to Valentin Aich (vaich@wmo.int).

References

Albrecht, R. I., et al. (2016), Where are the lightning hotspots on Earth?, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 97, 2,051–2,068, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00193.1.

Bojinski, S., et al. (2014), The concept of essential climate variables in support of climate research, applications, and policy, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 95, 1,431–1,443, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00047.1.

Cecil, D. J., D. E. Buechler, and R. J. Blakeslee (2014), Gridded lightning climatology from TRMM-LIS and OTD: Dataset description, Atmos. Res., 135–136, 404–414, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.06.028.

Christian, H. J., et al. (2003), Global frequency and distribution of lightning as observed from space by the Optical Transient Detector, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D1), 4005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002347.

Commission for Climatology (2011), Commission for Climatology: Over eighty years of service, WMO Publ. 1079, 59 pp., World Meteorol. Organ., Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/ccl/documents/WMO1079_web.pdf.

Global Climate Observing System (2016), The global observing system for climate: Implementation needs, Tech. Rep. 200, World Meteorol. Organ., Geneva, Switzerland, https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.23178.26566.

Goodman, S. J., et al. (2013), The GOES-R Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM), Atmos. Res., 125–126, 34–49, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.01.006.

Holle, R. L. (2015), Annual rates of lightning fatalities by country, paper presented at the 20th International Lightning Detection Conference, Tucson, Ariz., 21–23 April, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267855823_Annual_rates_of_lightning_fatalities_by_country.

Markson, R. (2007), The global circuit intensity: Its measurement and variation over the last 50 years, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 88, 223–241, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-88-2-223.

Nag, A., et al. (2015), Lightning locating systems: Insights on characteristics and validation techniques, Earth Space Sci., 2(4), 65–93, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014EA000051.

National Lightning Safety Institute (2014), Lightning costs and losses from attributed sources, Louisville, Colo., http://www.lightningsafety.com/nlsi_lls/nlsi_annual_usa_losses.htm.

Price, C. (1993), Global surface temperatures and the atmospheric electrical circuit, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20(13), 1,363–1,366, https://doi.org/10.1029/93GL01774.

Price, C. (2013), Lightning applications in weather and climate research, Surv. Geophys., 34(6), 755–767, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-012-9218-7.

Price, C., J. Penner, and M. Prather (1997), NOx from lightning: 2. Constraints from the global atmospheric electric circuit, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D5), 5,943–5,951, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JD02551.

Virts, K. S., et al. (2013), Highlights of a new ground-based, hourly global lightning climatology, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 94, 1,381–1,391, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00082.1.

Williams, E. R. (1994), Global circuit response to seasonal variations in global surface air temperature, Mon. Weather Rev., 122(8), 1,917–1,929, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1994)122<1917:GCRTSV>2.0.CO;2.

Williams, E. R. (2005), Lightning and climate: A review, Atmos. Res., 76(1–4), 272–287, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2004.11.014.

World Meteorological Organization (WMO) (1953), World distribution of thunderstorm days, WMO Rep. 21, 204 pp., Geneva, Switzerland, https://library.wmo.int/opac/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=5343.

World Meteorological Organization (WMO) (1998), Memorandum of understanding between the World Meteorological Organization, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the United Nations Environment Programme and the International Council for Science, 8 pp., Geneva, Switzerland, https://library.wmo.int/opac/doc_num.php?explnum_id=3593.

Yang, J., et al. (2017), Introducing the new generation of Chinese geostationary weather satellites, Fengyun-4, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 98, 1,637–1,658, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0065.1.

Author Information

Valentin Aich (email: vaich@wmo.int), Global Climate Observing System, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Robert Holzworth, Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle; Steven J. Goodman, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Greenbelt, Md., retired; Yuriy Kuleshov, Bureau of Meteorology and the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia; Colin Price, Tel Aviv University, Israel; and Earle Williams, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

Citation:

Aich, V.,Holzworth, R.,Goodman, S. J.,Kuleshov, Y.,Price, C., and Williams, E. (2018), Lightning: A new essential climate variable, Eos, 99, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EO104583. Published on 07 September 2018.

Text © 2018. The authors. CC BY-NC-ND 3.0
Except where otherwise noted, images are subject to copyright. Any reuse without express permission from the copyright owner is prohibited.