Research & Developments is a blog for brief updates that provide context for the flurry of news regarding law and policy changes that impact science and scientists today.
17 March, 2026 update: The title transfer of Arizona land from the federal government to mining venture Resolution Copper was completed on 13 March after an appeals court denied requests from the San Carlos Apache Tribe and environmental advocates to block the project.
In the ruling, the court acknowledged that the land transfer would harm the religious practices of Apache people who consider Oak Flat, the 4,600-acre area above the copper deposit targeted by Resolution Copper, an important religious site. “Despite those grave harms to Native religious practice, Congress has chosen to transfer this land, and plaintiffs have not raised any viable challenges to that decision,” the court wrote.
In a last-minute effort to halt the project, a group of three Apache women filed an emergency request on 16 March to ask the U.S. Supreme Court to halt or reverse the land transfer. “The United States Government has a tragic history of destroying Apache lives and lands for the sake of mining interests,” the emergency request stated. “Destroying Oak Flat—thereby forever preventing Apache worship there—imposes the most severe burden imaginable.”
“Courts at every level have consistently ruled in favor of Resolution Copper, and three different presidential administrations have supported this project,” Vicky Peacey, Resolution’s president and general manager, said in a statement, as reported by the Associated Press. “It is time for the meritless litigation to end.”
29 May, 2025: On 27 May, the United States Supreme Court declined to hear arguments from a group of Apache leaders challenging a copper mine that would damage land that tribe members consider sacred, according to the Los Angeles Times.
The mine is planned to be built beneath Oak Flat, a 4,600-acre area in southeastern Arizona. The site sits within the state’s “Copper Triangle,” an area home to one of the largest clusters of copper deposits in the world. Magma intrusions and subsequent subsurface movement of high-pressure, metal-rich fluids about 65 million years ago created high-grade copper deposits.
According to mining company Resolution Copper, a joint venture of two other mining companies, Rio Tinto and BHP, the deposit at Oak Flat is particularly high grade, at 1.5% copper, making the site attractive for industrial activity.
Members of Apache Stronghold, a tribal advocacy group, traveled on a two month pilgrimage last year to Washington, D.C., to present an appeal to the Supreme Court, asking them to review a decision on their case, Apache Stronghold v. United States of America, by the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals that had ruled narrowly in favor of moving the mine project forward.
In the case, Apache Stronghold argued that the development of the copper mine would violate the First Amendment rights of Indigenous community members who consider Oak Flat an important religious site.
The Supreme Court’s decision not to hear arguments from Apache Stronghold means the U.S. Forest Service is now allowed to move forward with plans to create a final environmental impact report and solicit a final round of public comments before deciding whether to transfer the land to Resolution Copper.
Justices Neil Gorsuch and Clarence Thomas dissented from the denial of the appeal. Gorsuch wrote that the decision not to hear the arguments was a “grievous mistake—one with consequences that threaten to reverberate for generations.”
“Faced with the government’s plan to destroy an ancient site of tribal worship, we owe the Apaches no less,” Gorsuch wrote. “They may live far from Washington, D.C., and their history and religious practices may be unfamiliar to many. But that should make no difference.”
“We are pleased that the Ninth Circuit’s decision will stand,” said Vicky Peacey, Resolution Copper’s general manager, in a statement. “The Resolution Copper mine is vital to securing America’s energy future, infrastructure needs, and national defense.”
“We will never stop fighting—nothing will deter us from protecting Oak Flat from destruction,” said Wendsler Nosie Sr., leader of Apache Stronghold, in a statement.
—Grace van Deelen (@gvd.bsky.social), Staff Writer
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