![Two plots showing percent changes in TIME-GCM zonally averaged [O+] and [H+] as a function of latitude and altitude in the Northern Hemisphere between the “disturbed” and “pre-disturbance” time periods in 2012–2013](https://eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/2020JA028331-Figure-12-top-row-with-legend-sized-for-Eos.png)
Sudden stratospheric warmings in the high latitude wintertime can drive changes in light species (H, He and O) all the way though the thermosphere, likely influencing ion densities in the exosphere.
Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics
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