Could Life Be Floating in Venus’s Clouds?

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Mars, Europa, Titan: these familiar locations frequently pop up in discussions about life in the solar system. But what about the search for life on planetary neighbors closer to the Sun?

A recent study suggested that clouds in Venus’s lower atmospheric layer might have the right conditions to support microorganisms. Furthermore, the existence of microbial life at those altitudes could help explain anomalous atmospheric patterns that scientists over the past century have seen in ultraviolet images of Venus.

“If you accept the arguments about water and life on Mars, then why shouldn’t we include Venus in that?” Sanjay Limaye, a planetary scientist at the University of Wisconsin in Madison, told Eos. “Venus had liquid water. It could have had the chance to evolve or sustain life that could be living in the habitable clouds.”

Limaye is lead author on a paper published in Astrobiology that discusses this idea. The paper, part of a column that the journal calls Hypothesis Articles, published earlier this year.

Habitable Clouds

There’s a good reason that Venus’s surface is often ignored in discussions about life on the surfaces of other planets. With an average temperature of 465°C, an atmospheric pressure 89 times greater than that at Earth’s sea level, and sulfuric acid rain, the Venusian surface is typically considered more of a hellscape than a viable habitat.

But Venus is more than its surface, Limaye noted. “We have chosen to define the habitable zone as the surface conditions, ignoring the planet’s atmosphere completely” as a potential habitat, he said.

But Venus’s lower atmosphere, 47.5–50.5 kilometers above the surface, checks all the habitable boxes, the team noted. Pressures and temperatures at those altitudes are mild, 0.4–2 atmospheres and 0°C–60°C, respectively. The planet may have sustained liquid surface water for as long as 2 billion years, which is now present as water vapor in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, sulfuric acid compounds, and ultraviolet (UV) light would give microbes food and energy.

Moreover, the researchers noted, bacteria, mold spores, pollen, and algae have been discovered in Earth’s atmosphere as high as 15 kilometers. These microorganisms likely reached such heights through evaporation, storms, eruptions, or meteor impacts: all processes that may have occurred on Venus, they said.

A Venusian Oddity

The dense clouds that cover all of Venus appear almost featureless in visible light. In the UV range, however, Venus’s atmosphere looks decorated in dark patches and streaks. In those darker areas, which were first documented in 1927, an unknown substance absorbs up to 40% more UV light than surrounding areas.

Earth-based, space-based, and Venus-orbiting imagers have shown that the size and contrast ratio of the UV dark patches evolve on a timescale of days, weeks, or months. Strong weather can sometimes cause similar variations on Earth, Limaye explained, but Venus has no seasons or seasonal weather.

Venus’s UV patterns “evolve completely differently than anything else seen on Jupiter, on Saturn, on Neptune,” Limaye said. “These dark patches are just bizarre.”

The identity of the UV absorber itself has remained elusive. Could it be iron chloride or sulfur dioxide aerosols? Each is present in Venus’s atmosphere and absorbs UV light in a pattern similar to that observed in the dark patches on Venus.

Unlikely, Limaye explained. Venus’s sulfur is not abundant enough to produce such strong UV contrasts on its own, and iron chloride quickly reacts with even a small amount of sulfur, rendering it too volatile and short-lived to produce the observed patterns.

Could Microbes Be the Answer?

Venus’s UV dark patches, Limaye noted, grow and shrink in extent, move around the globe, and become lighter or darker over time. In fact, the evolving UV patterns evoke images of bacteria growing in petri dishes or algae blooming in lakes and oceans, he added.

It’s an intriguing idea that Limaye and his team couldn’t shake. UV-absorbing microorganisms, the team posits in their paper, might bloom, die, migrate, and drift in the atmosphere, changing the aerial extent and bright-dark contrast of Venus’s atmosphere. The microbes might be similar to Earth’s sulfur-eating, acid-resistant, and UV-absorbing bacteria, like Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans or members of the genus Stygiolobus.

One researcher recently suggested that 1.4 billion tons, or about the biomass of Earth’s oceans, could survive in Venus’s atmosphere, given the pressures and temperatures known to exist at various altitudes. The estimate, Limaye said, is consistent with his team’s work.

Venus Mission Necessary

“Venus is an essential target for astrobiological exploration,” David Grinspoon, a senior scientist at the Planetary Science Institute, said at a Breakthrough Discuss session in May 2018. Grinspoon, who was not involved with this study, said that “it is plausible that life exists within the clouds of a planet with vibrant chemical flares, energy sources, [and a] stable aqueous environment.”

“Among the plausible niches for extraterrestrial life in our solar system,” Grinspoon said, “the clouds of Venus are among the most accessible and among the least well explored.”

The concept of Venus’s clouds hosting life has been in circulation at least as far back as a 1967 journal article coauthored by Carl Sagan. However, except for Russia’s Venera 13, which probed Venus’s atmosphere and sent back data for around 2 hours in 1982, no spacecraft have gathered samples of Venus’s atmosphere or performed long-term in situ measurements of its composition.

Such a spacecraft is needed, Limaye explained. “Spectroscopically, it is not easy to detect” these kinds of microbes from Earth, he said. “We have to actually go there to learn about these absorbers.”

Finding life’s signatures isn’t the end game for Limaye, however. “I won’t be disappointed if we don’t find any bacteria,” he explained. “My curiosity is to know what is causing the absorption.”

—Kimberly M. S. Cartier (@AstroKimCartier), Staff Writer

Correction, 1 January 2019: This post has been updated to reflect the Venera 13 mission to Venus in 1982.

Citation:

Cartier, K. M. S. (2018), Could life be floating in Venus’s clouds?, Eos, 99, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EO109407. Published on 07 November 2018.

Text © 2018. The authors. CC BY-NC-ND 3.0
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